{"id":1147,"date":"2026-07-31T10:08:04","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T10:08:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cityrelocationnews.com\/?p=1147"},"modified":"2026-07-31T10:08:04","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T10:08:04","slug":"how-to-survive-an-infestation-of-toxic-caterpillars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cityrelocationnews.com\/?p=1147","title":{"rendered":"How to Survive an Infestation of Toxic Caterpillars"},"content":{"rendered":"
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June 27th, the hottest day ever recorded in Berlin, where I live, began with a whimper. My apartment does not have air-conditioning, and neither does a friend\u2019s garden cottage where I took refuge, so my poor, panting greyhound was audibly distressed. I walked her to a park to cool off. At the entrance, I passed a sign that warned of the presence of Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em>, caterpillars with stinging hairs that German news outlets have called a \u201ccitywide plague.\u201d The government was hiring workers in protective suits to vacuum them up. I wasn\u2019t too worried, though. Germans often overreact to animal nuisances with complicated schemes. Who else would try to clean nature with a Hoover?<\/p>\n

Read more The Accidental Architect of the Internet\u2019s Brain<\/a><\/p>\n

The oak processionary caterpillar, as it is known in English, is a squiggle of dark skin covered in wiry white hairs that look like the whiskers on a witch\u2019s warts. But you never see just one caterpillar. Oak processionary caterpillars live with hundreds or thousands of their siblings, and together they look more like a wizard\u2019s beard. The caterpillars move in a single-file line\u2014a procession\u2014and often defoliate oak trees completely. I saw no bare branches or caterpillars in the wooded area where my dog and I found shelter. We cowered in the shade as the temperature rose to a hundred and four degrees.<\/p>\n

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As I soon learned, you don\u2019t need to touch these caterpillars to experience their sting. The next morning, a galaxy of itchy red bumps and blotches stretched from my shoulder to my hip. Oak processionary caterpillars have not only tufts of visible hairs but also eight hundred thousand microscopic hairs that, according to one study, can be \u201cprojected in the air as a fine powder\u201d when a caterpillar is threatened. These hairs are toxic, and they can travel several hundred metres, survive for years on surfaces, and pass through clothing to impale skin. The entomologist Justin O. Schmidt once developed a scale for the pain inflicted by insects, describing a particularly excruciating wasp sting like so: \u201cTorture. You are chained in the flow of an active volcano.\u201d On a scale for itchiness, my Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em> rash would outrank all the mosquitoes, spiders, fleas, and midges that had ever bitten into my flesh. I was reminded of bedbug bites that I once suffered on a forearm, after going to a movie theatre in New York City\u2014but the caterpillar stings covered half my body.<\/p>\n

The heat wave broke, but the itching lasted another week. I slathered myself in ointments, even after reading a study that said treatment \u201cshows scarce efficacy\u201d for my condition. The main consolation I took from the scientific literature was that it could have been worse. A caterpillar hair in the eyeball can create a crusty yellow nodule that requires professional removal. In some cases, inhaling the hairs may make it difficult to breathe. Guests at a nineteenth-century dinner party suffered \u201ca disgusting, unbearable itching and scratching in the throat\u201d after they feasted on roasted cuckoos that had preyed on Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em>. Worst of all was the plight of a forty-six-year-old Italian farm worker who apparently masturbated after handling processionary-caterpillar nests, as described in an old dermatological case study. The scarring from his injuries was so severe that he needed to be circumcised.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Now that oak processionary caterpillars had my attention, I realized that they were not a parochial German pest. Britain has had them since 2006, when London imported infested oaks from the Continent. Lately, the species has been spilling from Germany into Denmark for the first time. The Netherlands, where they have long been present, recorded a doubling of infested oak trees compared with last year, and Switzerland\u2019s forest-research institute called 2026 \u201can exceptionally strong Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em> infestation year.\u201d France has been beset not only with these caterpillars (processionnaire du ch\u00eane<\/em>) but also with a closely related species that has spread northward from the Mediterranean: the processionnaire du pin<\/em>, or pine processionary caterpillar. A friend of mine, whose university campus in Nuremberg was infested with Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em>, told me, \u201cI think nature is trying to destroy us.\u201d<\/p>\n

Toxic caterpillars, like deadly heat waves, are becoming a regular part of European summers. Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em> love warm, dry, and sunny springs, and the spring of 2026 was the sunniest in Berlin\u2019s history. Heat and solar radiation not only help oak processionary caterpillars survive after they hatch but also make them trigger-happy with their hairs in summer. \u201cThe overall trend will likely lean toward an increasing probability of mass outbreaks,\u201d Thomas Sobczyk, a forest engineer who studies the caterpillars and the moths they turn into, told me in an e-mail. \u201cFrom my perspective, there\u2019s no alternative to coming to terms with the oak processionary moth\u2019s presence in residential areas.\u201d<\/p>\n

After I recovered, I visited Volkspark Jungfernheide, one of Berlin\u2019s largest parks and the site of one of the worst outbreaks in the area. It was nearly empty of people. Workers had been vacuuming up caterpillars for weeks. They wore ventilated face masks and, on each hand, multiple gloves that were duct-taped to their sleeves. I no longer viewed these men and women as caricatures of German overzealousness but as frontline heroes who should be applauded from balconies and open windows. Their vacuum cleaners had originally been designed to suck asbestos out of old buildings; a vacuum bag could hold forty pounds of caterpillars and their nests, and a worker could fill three bags a day.<\/p>\n

In June, the city\u2019s twelve districts asked the Berlin Senate, which had been slashing city services for years, to declare the caterpillars a public-health threat, which would have unlocked extra funding and made it easier to use regulated pesticides. The request was denied. The state secretary for the environment said that no one could have predicted the extent of this year\u2019s outbreak, even though the numbers of Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em> had climbed every year since 2023. As a result, the districts could do little else but remove caterpillar nests\u2014commonly called \u201ctents\u201d\u2014from trees. The district that encompasses the park, Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, had closed playgrounds and sports facilities, including a swimming pool. Caterpillar hairs floated on the water\u2019s surface, leaving swimmers with a necklace of red stings.<\/p>\n

At a little biergarten that featured an outdoor theatre, I met an arborist named Gernot von Lyskowski. His firm, GvL, was one of three companies sucking up the caterpillar tents. \u201cWe haven\u2019t had it this bad before,\u201d he told me. \u201cWe\u2019ve been fighting here in Jungfernheide for four or five years now.\u201d Von Lyskowski originally became an arborist because he loved climbing trees when he was a kid. \u201cWe weren\u2019t even aware of what was causing the itching back then,\u201d he said. The caterpillars are not unknown to Germans: in the fifties, for example, hundreds of people attending a festival broke out in rashes after they hid from a downpour under infested trees. Yet the species was uncommon enough that, in 1993, conservationists classified the species as \u201cthreatened with extinction\u201d in Berlin. Perhaps today\u2019s Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em> outbreak is less like a foreign invasion than like a revolution, in which a lowly element rises up to dominate ecosystems of which it has always been a part.<\/p>\n

Read more Inside OpenAI\u2019s Hack of Hugging Face<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Between 2003 and 2010, as humans heedlessly dumped unprecedented amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the amount of sunshine during the caterpillar\u2019s larval and moth phases was eleven per cent higher in Berlin than it had been two decades prior. During that same time, the caterpillars became commonplace in every district of the city. \u201cIt really came on quite suddenly fifteen years ago,\u201d von Lyskowski said. When he started removing Eichenprozessionsspinner<\/em>, he climbed trees with a twenty-metre-long hose that was connected to a vacuum on the ground. Now he owns three trucks with pneumatic outriggers and aerial lifts which cost two hundred thousand euros each. The caterpillars had been good for business, but he didn\u2019t love the work. \u201cWe should be earning much more money from this danger,\u201d he said. A single old oak could contain dozens or hundreds of tents, and each tent could contain hundreds or thousands of caterpillars, which translates into tens of billions of stinging hairs.<\/p>\n

Oak processionary caterpillars are nocturnal, and they spin tents out of silk in part so they have a place to digest their food. By early summer, the tents sag like dirty diapers from the undersides of boughs. During my visit to Volkspark Jungfernheide, the caterpillars were already beginning to pupate in the soiled tents. In three to five weeks, they would emerge from their cocoons as brown moths, which could fly several kilometres to lay eggs. When caterpillars first hatch, in the spring, they need a few weeks to develop their stinging hairs. That is the time to hit them with insecticides.<\/p>\n

Some parts of Germany are already spraying oak processionary caterpillars with chemicals that are strictly regulated under environmental-protection laws. But there are more than three hundred and sixty species of caterpillar that live on oak trees in Germany, and these insecticides can kill many of them too. Meanwhile, a 2013 study found that the two most common agents \u201cwere practically ineffective\u201d against oak processionary caterpillars; the authors speculated that intense solar radiation, the very thing the caterpillars loved, reduced their effectiveness. A more recent British study found that sprayed areas were infested again after one or two years.<\/p>\n

Von Lyskowski and his workers sprayed some trees with nematodes, a parasitic worm that kills caterpillars and reproduces inside their carcasses. They cause far less collateral damage to other insects, but they are themselves living, sensitive creatures. They can only be applied on dry, windless nights, and two applications are needed to make a dent in caterpillar populations. \u201cYou won\u2019t fully control it with nematodes,\u201d von Lyskowski said. \u201cBut at least you get the population down somewhat.\u201d The expert consensus seems to be that we cannot defeat processionary caterpillars. We can only learn to keep our distance from them. \u201cThere\u2019s a mistaken belief that we can sustainably influence the population using technical methods\u2014plant protection products or biocides, for instance,\u201d Sobczyk, the forest engineer, said in his e-mail to me. \u201cIn the long run, natural factors play a far greater role in population fluctuations.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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If the caterpillars are here to stay, is it possible to learn to love them, at least a little? The nineteenth-century German lepidopterist Jacob H\u00fcbner named their genus Thaumetopoea<\/em>, from the ancient Greek words for \u201cwonder\u201d and \u201ccreate,\u201d perhaps because he admired their single-file processions and silken nests. I could muster a little wonder, too, when I read that caterpillars evolved stinging hairs more than twenty million years ago and radiated across the Eastern Hemisphere. In the Middle East, processionary caterpillars feed on pistachio trees. In Australia, they specialize in acacias and eucalyptuses; in the Himalayas, Alnus nepalensis<\/em> and rhododendron leaves. Caterpillars cause health problems there, too. A seasonal blindness in Nepal has been linked to caterpillar hairs.<\/p>\n

Sometimes I told myself that caterpillars deserve a chance to defend themselves. Nature targets few other organisms with such cruelty. Charles Darwin said that he could no longer believe in God after he watched a parasitic wasp inject its eggs into a living caterpillar. When they hatched, the wasp larvae slowly ate the caterpillar from the inside, leaving the vital organs for last to keep the caterpillar alive for as long as possible. Maybe caterpillars need to make entire forests uninhabitable just to find a little peace. (Caterpillar-eating predators have evolved defenses of their own\u2014cuckoos and tits, for example, have strategies for neutralizing the stings\u2014but neither bird has checked the caterpillars\u2019 populations.)<\/p>\n

In theory, humanity\u2019s carbon emissions could warm the planet too much even for oak processionary caterpillars. Paula Halbig, a scientist affiliated with the Forest Research Institute in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, said that if oak processionary caterpillars began hatching too early in the spring, there would be no oak leaves on the trees for them to eat. On the other hand, oak leaves have also started sprouting earlier, because of climate change. And, on the other other<\/em> hand, warmer winters could accelerate the northward spread of pine processionary caterpillars, which are already invading southern Germany. \u201cIt is difficult to find another insect which is so specialized in exploiting climatic conditions,\u201d Andrea Battisti, an Italian entomologist who has been studying pine processionary caterpillars for more than forty years, told me. The ancient Romans apparently ground their hairs into an excruciating poison. Roman soldiers have been said to have tortured prisoners by tossing them into caterpillar pits.<\/p>\n

In the nineteenth century, Jean-Henri Fabre, a French entomologist, conducted a famous experiment with pine processionary caterpillars. He coaxed a group of caterpillars into a procession around the rim of a flowerpot, so that each caterpillar both led and followed the others. He expected them to break off at some point in search of food, but, in the end, they mindlessly circled the flowerpot for seven days and then dropped dead from starvation. Fabre took his experiment as proof that scientists would never find \u201cthe origin of reason in the dregs of the animal kingdom.\u201d Later, though, his experiment became a metaphor for the dangers of groupthink. As a species that spews toxins into the air by burning fossil fuels, perhaps we humans should feel a certain kinship with these creatures. We might never find the origins of reason in caterpillars, but we may recognize the dregs of the animal kingdom in ourselves.\u00a0\u2666<\/p>\n

Read more Memorandum from the National Review Committee for National Day Designations<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ben Crair on the spread across Europe of the oak processionary caterpillar, which fills the air with microscopic hairs that inflict excruciating rashes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1146,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[125],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elements"],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Survive an Infestation of Toxic Caterpillars - City Relocation News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cityrelocationnews.com\/?p=1147\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Survive an Infestation of Toxic Caterpillars - City Relocation News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ben Crair on the spread across Europe of the oak processionary caterpillar, which fills the air with microscopic hairs that inflict excruciating rashes.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cityrelocationnews.com\/?p=1147\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"City Relocation News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-07-31T10:08:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/?p=1147#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/?p=1147\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3e7ce0c0c60d21e12a5ac61fb2b786d4\"},\"headline\":\"How to Survive an Infestation of Toxic Caterpillars\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-31T10:08:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/?p=1147\"},\"wordCount\":2285,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/?p=1147#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/7a981d1c6fcabc7aed00ae1378a26bd8.webp\",\"articleSection\":[\"Elements\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/?p=1147#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/?p=1147\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cityrelocationnews.com\\\/?p=1147\",\"name\":\"How to Survive an Infestation of Toxic Caterpillars - 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